Patterns of Direct and Indirect Political Participation of Thai Citizens in the Online Environment and the Challenges of the Digital Era

Abstract

This academic article aims to study forms of direct and indirect political participation of Thai citizens in the online world and the challenges in the digital age where information technology plays a profound role in the lives of Thai people. Political participation has transformed from traditional forms to new dimensions, both direct and indirect, through online channels. Direct participation, such as signing petitions, participating in protest activities through social media, and engaging in political discussions, shows an increasing trend. Meanwhile, indirect participation, such as disseminating information, posing critical questions, and using social media power to pressure the government, also plays a significant role. However, major challenges include fake news, online conflicts, state control, and inequality in access to technology, all of which are obstacles to constructive and sustainable participation. Promoting digital literacy and creating open online public spaces are therefore important approaches to developing contemporary Thai Democracy.