Sustainability Accounting: Approaches to Measuring and Reporting Social and Environmental Impacts

Abstract

This study aims to analyze approaches for measuring and reporting corporate social and environmental impacts under the Sustainability Accounting framework. A Mixed-Methods Research approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data were collected through expert interviews, document analysis, and financial report reviews from publicly listed companies. The findings reveal that companies with high ESG scores tend to achieve better financial performance, particularly in terms of return on equity (ROE) and access to capital. Furthermore, transparent ESG disclosure is positively correlated with investor confidence, aligning with the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) and Stakeholder Theory. These results suggest that companies should integrate ESG factors into their business strategies and adopt a clearer standard for ESG disclosure. Regulatory bodies and policymakers should support the development of standardized sustainability accounting frameworks that can be applied globally.