Social Acceptance and Policy Framework for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): A Thematic Review

Abstract

The aviation industry accounts for 2.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has emerged as the most viable short-to-medium-term solution to achieve the Net Zero 2050 target. Although SAF can technically reduce carbon emissions by up to 80%, its global deployment is hindered by fragmented regional regulations. The European Union enforces strict SAF blending mandates, whereas the United States relies on tax incentives and voluntary opt-in schemes. In Asia, policy approaches vary, with Singapore pioneering concrete mandates and Thailand establishing a roadmap under its Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) to offer fiscal incentives and tax exemptions for investors. However, scaling up SAF faces significant economic and structural barriers, including high production costs that are 2 to 4 times more expensive than conventional jet A-1 fuel, limited biomass feedstock supplies, and policy conflicts regarding land use and deforestation risks. Furthermore, while airline passengers and aviation experts recognize the environmental benefits, public awareness remains low, and there is a pronounced unwillingness to pay higher airfares. To achieve the carbon-neutral goal, an integrated approach that balances technological innovation, policy incentives, and global multi-stakeholder collaboration is urgently required.