Critical Thinking Integration in Thai Secondary Schools: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Pedagogical Transformation in Northeast Thailand's Educational Landscape
Keywords:
critical thinking, educational transformation, Thai education, mixed-methods research, pedagogical innovation, northeast ThailandAbstract
Background: Thailand's educational system faces mounting pressure to transition from traditional rote learning methodologies to critical thinking-centered approaches. Recent PISA 2022 results revealed Thai students scoring significantly below OECD averages, with particular concerns in northeastern provinces where educational resources remain limited.
Purpose: This mixed-methods study investigates the current state of critical thinking integration in secondary schools across northeast Thailand, examining teacher perceptions, implementation barriers, and student outcomes in the context of 21st-century educational transformation.
Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed across four northeastern provinces (Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Udon Thani, and Roi Et). Quantitative data were collected from 487 secondary school teachers through validated surveys measuring critical thinking teaching practices and self-efficacy. Qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 45 purposively selected educators and focus group discussions with 36 students.
Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between teacher training exposure and critical thinking implementation (r = 0.672, p < 0.001). Only 23.4% of teachers demonstrated high confidence in facilitating critical thinking activities, while 76.8% identified cultural barriers as primary implementation challenges. Thematic analysis uncovered five key implementation themes: hierarchical resistance, resource constraints, assessment misalignment, professional development needs, and cultural adaptation strategies.
Conclusions: The study reveals substantial gaps between policy intentions and classroom realities in critical thinking integration. Success requires comprehensive teacher development programs, culturally responsive pedagogical approaches, and systemic reforms addressing assessment practices and resource allocation.
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