Innovative Enhancement of Runway Classification for Improving Airport Capacity Operations: An ICAO Annex 14–Based Approach

Abstract

Airport capacity constraints, particularly on runways, have become a critical challenge for global air transport growth. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 14 provides standardized runway classification criteria to ensure safety and interoperability; however, these standards may limit operational flexibility at capacity-constrained airports. This research explores innovative enhancements to runway classification within the ICAO Annex 14 framework to improve airport capacity operations without compromising safety. By integrating aircraft performance characteristics, operational demand patterns, and technological advancements, this study proposes an adaptive runway categorization concept aimed at optimizing runway utilization. The findings suggest that a more flexible and performance-based runway classification approach can significantly enhance airport capacity, operational efficiency, and resilience.